Continuous internal assessments for theory course 50%, end semester examination 50%

The School of Law, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) is a premier law school in the country having been consistently ranked among the top ten law schools for many years now by leading ranking agencies measured on comprehensive academic parameters. 

The School of Law in alignment with the University’s vision of ‘Excellence and Service’, focuses on holistic educational development which seeks to nurture socially committed and professionally competent law students, the testimony of which is manifested in the strong, well placed alumni across the globe.

The dynamic and flexible curriculum which appeals to a wide range of interests is taught as elective courses apart from the conventionally mandated Bar Council of India core papers. The teaching pedagogy is unique by its cutting edge focus on legal skill development through specialised guest lectures, workshops, seminars, simulation exercises and value added courses on legal drafting, meditation, conciliation, arbitration and mooting to enable the prepared transition from theory to practice. 

To create and pro actively generate in depth legal knowledge in the student community so that they can transfer their knowledge acquired to the larger benefits of the society in accordance with professional ethics and values.

BA, LL.B (Honours). 
The BA LL.B ( Honours) is specially designed with a multi-disciplinary approach to cater to legal industries’ requirement of litigation, judiciary, academia, policy engagement et cetera. This Programme provides a stellar background for foray into Indian Administrative Services too. 

In the First two years of the integrated BA, LL.B ( honours) programme, Major courses like economics and political science are offered which primarily forms the differential element as against the BBA, LL.B ( honours)  programme.   

In the First two years of the integrated BBA, LL.B ( honours) programme, Major courses like Accounting and Management are offered which primarily forms the differential element as against the BA, LL.B ( honours)  programme.  

Programme Outcome/Programme Learning Goals/Programme Learning Outcome:

PO2: Effectively articulate legal opinions, to vet and draft legal texts and present arguments appropriate to the context in diverse work environments.

PO3: Employ critical thinking and logical legal reasoning to develop sound arguments and develop effective suggestions.

PO4: To identify, predict, mitigate challenges and engage in effective dispute resolution focusing on the individual, institution and societal problems.

PO5: Take initiatives towards social transformation through socio-legal engagement

PO6: Exhibit ethical and professional behaviour in a team, demonstrating leadership and collaboration.

Programme Specific Outcome:

PSO2: Demonstrate sound conceptual understanding of political theory and understanding of constitutional governance in India.

This course revisits and strengthens fundamental accounting principles and processes, culminating in the preparation of the financial statements of a sole proprietorship business. The course also focuses on accounting for special transactions such as consignment and joint ventures

Accounting Concepts, Accounting Standards and Introduction to Ind AS and Accounting Policies – Introduction and principle of disclosure. Journal entries, ledgers, subsidiary books, cash book, capital and revenue expenditure/receipts, Types of Business Entities, Financial statements and purpose for business Entities. Meaning - Errors in Trial Balance – Rectification journal entries - Suspense account. Bank Reconciliation statements - Advanced problems.

Accounting Concepts, Accounting Standards and Introduction to Ind AS and Accounting Policies – Introduction and principle of disclosure. Journal entries, ledgers, subsidiary books, cash book, capital and revenue expenditure/receipts, Types of Business Entities, Financial statements and purpose for business Entities. Meaning - Errors in Trial Balance – Rectification journal entries - Suspense account. Bank Reconciliation statements - Advanced problems.

Accounting Concepts, Accounting Standards and Introduction to Ind AS and Accounting Policies – Introduction and principle of disclosure. Journal entries, ledgers, subsidiary books, cash book, capital and revenue expenditure/receipts, Types of Business Entities, Financial statements and purpose for business Entities. Meaning - Errors in Trial Balance – Rectification journal entries - Suspense account. Bank Reconciliation statements - Advanced problems.

Concepts on preparation of final account - trading account, profit & loss account and balance sheet

Concepts on preparation of final account - trading account, profit & loss account and balance sheet

Concepts on preparation of final account - trading account, profit & loss account and balance sheet

Fundamentals, Profit and Loss appropriation account, Guarantee of profits, Goodwill valuation, Admission of a partner, Retirement of a Partner, Death of a partner

Fundamentals, Profit and Loss appropriation account, Guarantee of profits, Goodwill valuation, Admission of a partner, Retirement of a Partner, Death of a partner

Fundamentals, Profit and Loss appropriation account, Guarantee of profits, Goodwill valuation, Admission of a partner, Retirement of a Partner, Death of a partner

Basis of inventory valuation and record keeping, various methods of inventory calculation- LIFO, FIFO, Specific Identification, Simple Average Price, Weighted Average method, Adjusted selling price method, perpetual and periodic inventory method

Basis of inventory valuation and record keeping, various methods of inventory calculation- LIFO, FIFO, Specific Identification, Simple Average Price, Weighted Average method, Adjusted selling price method, perpetual and periodic inventory method

Basis of inventory valuation and record keeping, various methods of inventory calculation- LIFO, FIFO, Specific Identification, Simple Average Price, Weighted Average method, Adjusted selling price method, perpetual and periodic inventory method

Factors in measurement of Depreciation, Methods: straight line method, WDV, sum of digit method, Depletion, production unit method and machine hour method. Computation and accounting treatment of depreciation, Change in depreciation methods.

Factors in measurement of Depreciation, Methods: straight line method, WDV, sum of digit method, Depletion, production unit method and machine hour method. Computation and accounting treatment of depreciation, Change in depreciation methods.

Factors in measurement of Depreciation, Methods: straight line method, WDV, sum of digit method, Depletion, production unit method and machine hour method. Computation and accounting treatment of depreciation, Change in depreciation methods.

2. Mittal, R. K., Bansal, M. R. & Swain, S. (2022). Financial Accounting Sem-I. VK Global Publications Pvt Ltd.

 3.  Kumar, A. & Bahal, M. (2022). Scanner for Financial Accounting. Shuchita Prakashan Private limited. 

Students are evaluated for each course on the basis of written examination and continuous internal assessments. Each paper carries maximum of 100 marks and is evaluated as follows:

·       Written Examinations consists of:

§  Mid Semester Exam – 50 Marks   (2 hours duration)

§  End Semester Exam – 100 Marks (3 hours duration)

·       A student should secure a minimum of 40% Marks in the ESE to pass in that paper.

·       In aggregate for each paper, for internal and end semester put together, at least 40 Marks out of 100 must be secured to pass in that paper.

Mathematics and Statistics skills and tools play a vital role in helping business leaders understand key functions within and external to a company. This course provides basic knowledge of mathematical and statistical concepts and theories that will help students to increase their reasoning, analytical, decision-making and problem-solving skills. It also enables students to grasp the fundamentals of statistics for interpreting business data.

Formulation and solving linear programming problems (LPP)

Formulation and solving linear programming problems (LPP)

Formulation and solving linear programming problems (LPP)

Introduction to functions and limit (concept only). Differentiation. Derivatives of xⁿ, e^x, log(x). Laws of derivatives for sum, product and quotient. Applications of derivatives. Maxima and Minima (statement of sufficient conditions in terms of first and second order derivatives). Simple applications in Economics and Commerce

Introduction to functions and limit (concept only). Differentiation. Derivatives of xⁿ, e^x, log(x). Laws of derivatives for sum, product and quotient. Applications of derivatives. Maxima and Minima (statement of sufficient conditions in terms of first and second order derivatives). Simple applications in Economics and Commerce

Introduction to functions and limit (concept only). Differentiation. Derivatives of xⁿ, e^x, log(x). Laws of derivatives for sum, product and quotient. Applications of derivatives. Maxima and Minima (statement of sufficient conditions in terms of first and second order derivatives). Simple applications in Economics and Commerce

Sequence and series, Simple and compound interest. Effective and nominal rate, Annuities, types of annuities - Present values and accumulated values of these annuities, Perpetuity, Sinking funds and applications

Sequence and series, Simple and compound interest. Effective and nominal rate, Annuities, types of annuities - Present values and accumulated values of these annuities, Perpetuity, Sinking funds and applications

Sequence and series, Simple and compound interest. Effective and nominal rate, Annuities, types of annuities - Present values and accumulated values of these annuities, Perpetuity, Sinking funds and applications

Meaning of Statistics, collection of data – primary and secondary data, construction of table, frequency distribution of discrete and continuous variables, cumulative frequency distribution, representation of data using bar chart and pie chart, graphical representation of frequency distribution by histogram, frequency polygon and ogives. Arithmetic mean, positional averages– mode, median and partition values –quartiles, deciles, and percentiles, measure of variations –Range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation and their coefficient

Meaning of Statistics, collection of data – primary and secondary data, construction of table, frequency distribution of discrete and continuous variables, cumulative frequency distribution, representation of data using bar chart and pie chart, graphical representation of frequency distribution by histogram, frequency polygon and ogives. Arithmetic mean, positional averages– mode, median and partition values –quartiles, deciles, and percentiles, measure of variations –Range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation and their coefficient

Meaning of Statistics, collection of data – primary and secondary data, construction of table, frequency distribution of discrete and continuous variables, cumulative frequency distribution, representation of data using bar chart and pie chart, graphical representation of frequency distribution by histogram, frequency polygon and ogives. Arithmetic mean, positional averages– mode, median and partition values –quartiles, deciles, and percentiles, measure of variations –Range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation and their coefficient

Meaning, types, probable error, Karl Pearson’s and Spearman’s rank correlation (excluding bivariate and multi correlation), Regression equation and coefficients, properties and coefficient of determination. 

Meaning, types, probable error, Karl Pearson’s and Spearman’s rank correlation (excluding bivariate and multi correlation), Regression equation and coefficients, properties and coefficient of determination. 

Meaning, types, probable error, Karl Pearson’s and Spearman’s rank correlation (excluding bivariate and multi correlation), Regression equation and coefficients, properties and coefficient of determination. 

Random experiment, sample space and event, addition and multiplication rules of probability, random variable - discrete and continuous, continuous distribution - Normal distribution

Random experiment, sample space and event, addition and multiplication rules of probability, random variable - discrete and continuous, continuous distribution - Normal distribution

Random experiment, sample space and event, addition and multiplication rules of probability, random variable - discrete and continuous, continuous distribution - Normal distribution

2. B M Agrawal, Business Mathematics & Statistics, Ane Books Pvt Ltd

3. J K Sharma, Business Statistics, Vikas Publishing House; Fourth edition

4. P R Murthy, Operations Research, New Age International Ltd Publisher

5. J K Singh, Business Mathematics, Himalaya Publishing House; Third edition, 2021

2. V Sharma, V K Jain and A Kumar, An Introduction to Optimization Techniques, Chapman and Hall/CRC; 1st edition

3. S T Rachev, M Hoechstoetter, F J Fabozzi and S M Focardi,  Probability and Statistics for Finance, Wiley; 1st edition

4. K Black and S Singh, Business Statistics: For Contemporary Decision Making,An Indian Adaptation,Wiley India Pvt Ltd

5.S Jaggia and A Kelly, Business Statistics: Communicating with Numbers, McGraw Hill; Third edition

Students are evaluated for each course on the basis of written examination and continuous internal assessments. Each paper carries maximum of 100 marks and is evaluated as follows:

·       Written Examinations consists of:

§  Mid Semester Exam – 50 Marks   (2 hours duration)

§  End Semester Exam – 100 Marks (3 hours duration)

·       A student should secure a minimum of 40% Marks in the ESE to pass in that paper.

·       In aggregate for each paper, for internal and end semester put together, at least 40 Marks out of 100 must be secured to pass in that paper.

Business Economics is a field of study that applies economic theory and quantitative methods to analyze business decision-making and the functioning of markets. This course provides students with a solid understanding of economic principles and how they are applied in the context of various business environments. Students will explore the interaction between economic factors such as supply and demand, market structures, production costs, and government policies, and their impact on business operations and strategy.

Meaning - Characteristics – Distinction between Micro and Macro Economics – Scope of Business Economics – Uses/Objectives of Business Economics.

Approaches to the study of Consumer Behaviour - Cardinal Approach - Law of Equi-Marginal Utility, Ordinal Approach - Indifference Curve Analysis and its Properties – Consumer Surplus – Meaning, Analysis and Limitations

Meaning - Characteristics – Distinction between Micro and Macro Economics – Scope of Business Economics – Uses/Objectives of Business Economics.

Approaches to the study of Consumer Behaviour - Cardinal Approach - Law of Equi-Marginal Utility, Ordinal Approach - Indifference Curve Analysis and its Properties – Consumer Surplus – Meaning, Analysis and Limitations

Meaning - Characteristics – Distinction between Micro and Macro Economics – Scope of Business Economics – Uses/Objectives of Business Economics.

Approaches to the study of Consumer Behaviour - Cardinal Approach - Law of Equi-Marginal Utility, Ordinal Approach - Indifference Curve Analysis and its Properties – Consumer Surplus – Meaning, Analysis and Limitations

Demand - Determinants, Demand Function - Law of Demand – Variations in Demand, Supply - Determinants, Supply Function) – Law of Supply –Variations in Supply, Market Equilibrium. Market Failure: Meaning & Types - Public Goods – Externalities - Merit Goods - Demerit Goods. Demand: Elasticity of Demand – Price Elasticity of Demand – Factors determining Elasticity of Demand – Measurement and its Application in Business Decisions, Concept of Income & Cross, Promotional Elasticity of Demand, Supply: Elasticity of Supply – Factors determining Elasticity of Supply, Demand Forecasting - Survey and Statistical Methods.

Demand - Determinants, Demand Function - Law of Demand – Variations in Demand, Supply - Determinants, Supply Function) – Law of Supply –Variations in Supply, Market Equilibrium. Market Failure: Meaning & Types - Public Goods – Externalities - Merit Goods - Demerit Goods. Demand: Elasticity of Demand – Price Elasticity of Demand – Factors determining Elasticity of Demand – Measurement and its Application in Business Decisions, Concept of Income & Cross, Promotional Elasticity of Demand, Supply: Elasticity of Supply – Factors determining Elasticity of Supply, Demand Forecasting - Survey and Statistical Methods.

Demand - Determinants, Demand Function - Law of Demand – Variations in Demand, Supply - Determinants, Supply Function) – Law of Supply –Variations in Supply, Market Equilibrium. Market Failure: Meaning & Types - Public Goods – Externalities - Merit Goods - Demerit Goods. Demand: Elasticity of Demand – Price Elasticity of Demand – Factors determining Elasticity of Demand – Measurement and its Application in Business Decisions, Concept of Income & Cross, Promotional Elasticity of Demand, Supply: Elasticity of Supply – Factors determining Elasticity of Supply, Demand Forecasting - Survey and Statistical Methods.

Production, Firm and Industry, Production Function, Production Runs or Periods (Short run and Long run), Production in the Short run, Law of Variable Proportions, Production in the Long run, Returns to Scale (Increasing, Constant and Decreasing Returns to Scale), Economies of Scale and Diseconomies of Scale

Production, Firm and Industry, Production Function, Production Runs or Periods (Short run and Long run), Production in the Short run, Law of Variable Proportions, Production in the Long run, Returns to Scale (Increasing, Constant and Decreasing Returns to Scale), Economies of Scale and Diseconomies of Scale

Production, Firm and Industry, Production Function, Production Runs or Periods (Short run and Long run), Production in the Short run, Law of Variable Proportions, Production in the Long run, Returns to Scale (Increasing, Constant and Decreasing Returns to Scale), Economies of Scale and Diseconomies of Scale

Perfect Competition: Assumptions, Price and Output Decisions. Equilibrium of the Firm and the Industry in the Short and the Long runs, including industry’s long run supply, Producer Surplus. Shut down point under Perfect Competition, Monopoly: Behaviour of a Monopolist in the Short and the Long run. Price Discrimination by a Monopolist - 1^st degree, 2^nd degree and 3^rd degree. Oligopoly - Collusive & Non-collusive Models of Oligopoly.

Perfect Competition: Assumptions, Price and Output Decisions. Equilibrium of the Firm and the Industry in the Short and the Long runs, including industry’s long run supply, Producer Surplus. Shut down point under Perfect Competition, Monopoly: Behaviour of a Monopolist in the Short and the Long run. Price Discrimination by a Monopolist - 1^st degree, 2^nd degree and 3^rd degree. Oligopoly - Collusive & Non-collusive Models of Oligopoly.

Perfect Competition: Assumptions, Price and Output Decisions. Equilibrium of the Firm and the Industry in the Short and the Long runs, including industry’s long run supply, Producer Surplus. Shut down point under Perfect Competition, Monopoly: Behaviour of a Monopolist in the Short and the Long run. Price Discrimination by a Monopolist - 1^st degree, 2^nd degree and 3^rd degree. Oligopoly - Collusive & Non-collusive Models of Oligopoly.

Meaning, Types and Impact of Inflation. Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation: Phillips Curve; Unemployment - Reasons for unemployment in both Developed and Developing Economies. Problem of Disguised unemployment in Developing Nations. 

Circular Flow Model of Income and Expenditure. Aggregates of National Income. Methods of calculating National Income. 

Meaning, Types and Impact of Inflation. Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation: Phillips Curve; Unemployment - Reasons for unemployment in both Developed and Developing Economies. Problem of Disguised unemployment in Developing Nations. 

Circular Flow Model of Income and Expenditure. Aggregates of National Income. Methods of calculating National Income. 

Meaning, Types and Impact of Inflation. Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation: Phillips Curve; Unemployment - Reasons for unemployment in both Developed and Developing Economies. Problem of Disguised unemployment in Developing Nations. 

Circular Flow Model of Income and Expenditure. Aggregates of National Income. Methods of calculating National Income. 

Phases of Business Cycles, Tools of Fiscal Policy. Need and Importance of Expansionary and Contractionary Fiscal Policy. Monetary Policy - Quantitative and Qualitative tools - Need and Importance of Monetary Tools for Economic Stabilization.

Phases of Business Cycles, Tools of Fiscal Policy. Need and Importance of Expansionary and Contractionary Fiscal Policy. Monetary Policy - Quantitative and Qualitative tools - Need and Importance of Monetary Tools for Economic Stabilization.

Phases of Business Cycles, Tools of Fiscal Policy. Need and Importance of Expansionary and Contractionary Fiscal Policy. Monetary Policy - Quantitative and Qualitative tools - Need and Importance of Monetary Tools for Economic Stabilization.

2.     Mark Taylor, N. Gregory Mankiw, Mark P. Taylor, Andrew Ashwin, Business Economics, Cengage Learning. 

3.     Dominick Salvatore, Ravikesh Srivastava, Managerial Economics: Principles and Worldwide Application, Oxford University Press.

4.    Macro Economics, Samuelson, Paul A Nordhaus, William D Chaudhuri, Sudip, McGraw Hill.

2.     W.Bruce Allen, ‎Neil A.Doherty, ‎Keith Weigelt, Managerial Economics: Theory, Applications, and Cases, W.W. Norton.

3.     Atmanada, Managerial Economics, 2^nd Edition, Excel Books. 

4.     Paul A Samuelson, Economics, Tata Mc-Graw Hill. 

5.     A Marshall, Principles of Economics, Palgrave Macmillan 

6.     Andrew Gillespie, Business Economics, Oxford University Press

7.   G S Gupta, Managerial Economics, McGraw Hill Education

Department of Professional Studies follows a rigorous system of continuous evaluation, and the assessment events include quizzes, tests, assignments, mid-term and end-term exams, individual/group project work, presentations etc.  

Students are evaluated for each course on the basis of written examination and continuous internal assessments. Each paper carries maximum of 100 marks and is evaluated as follows:

·       Written Examinations consists of:

§  Mid Semester Exam – 50 Marks   (2 hours duration)

§  End Semester Exam – 100 Marks (3 hours duration)

·       A student should secure a minimum of 40% Marks in the ESE to pass in that paper.

·       In aggregate for each paper, for internal and end semester put together, at least 40 Marks out of 100 must be secured to pass in that paper.

The course aims to provide an understanding of the laws governing business practices in India. It focuses on analysing and evaluating legal arguments, applying legal principles of factual situations and understand legal language and terminology.

Agreement, kinds of Agreements, Contract kinds of contracts, Agreement vs. Contract, Essentials of Valid offer, counter offer, Standing or open offer, invitation to offer, Acceptance, Essentials of a valid acceptance, Promise. Communication of offer and acceptance and Revocation.

Agreement, kinds of Agreements, Contract kinds of contracts, Agreement vs. Contract, Essentials of Valid offer, counter offer, Standing or open offer, invitation to offer, Acceptance, Essentials of a valid acceptance, Promise. Communication of offer and acceptance and Revocation.

Agreement, kinds of Agreements, Contract kinds of contracts, Agreement vs. Contract, Essentials of Valid offer, counter offer, Standing or open offer, invitation to offer, Acceptance, Essentials of a valid acceptance, Promise. Communication of offer and acceptance and Revocation.

Capacity to contract, Consent and Free Consent, Consideration and Void Agreements, Special contract- Indemnity and Guarantee, Bailment and pledge, Agency Case laws

Capacity to contract, Consent and Free Consent, Consideration and Void Agreements, Special contract- Indemnity and Guarantee, Bailment and pledge, Agency Case laws

Capacity to contract, Consent and Free Consent, Consideration and Void Agreements, Special contract- Indemnity and Guarantee, Bailment and pledge, Agency Case laws

Introduction, Definitions, Formalities of the contract of sale, Distinction between ‘sale’ and ‘agreement of sell, Distinction between’ sale and hire purchase agreement’, Conditions and Warranties, Transfer of property as between the seller and the buyer, Rights of an unpaid seller, E-commerce payments and IT laws applicability to sale of goods over internet.

Introduction, Definitions, Formalities of the contract of sale, Distinction between ‘sale’ and ‘agreement of sell, Distinction between’ sale and hire purchase agreement’, Conditions and Warranties, Transfer of property as between the seller and the buyer, Rights of an unpaid seller, E-commerce payments and IT laws applicability to sale of goods over internet.

Introduction, Definitions, Formalities of the contract of sale, Distinction between ‘sale’ and ‘agreement of sell, Distinction between’ sale and hire purchase agreement’, Conditions and Warranties, Transfer of property as between the seller and the buyer, Rights of an unpaid seller, E-commerce payments and IT laws applicability to sale of goods over internet.

1. Kapoor, N. D. (2022). Elements of Mercantile Law. Sultan & Chand Publications.

2. Jagata, R. (2022). Business Laws. Scholar Tech Press publications.

3. Arora, S. (2023). Business Laws (11th ed.). Taxmann.

4. Pandey, P. K. (2019). Business Law, Mahaveer publications.

5. Jain, A. (2017). Consumer Protection Act (Theory with Q.A.). Ascent Publications.

1. Business Laws by the institute of Chartered Accountants of India, Revised Edition: October, 2022, ICAI.

2. Bare Acts

3. Singh, A. (2022). Business Law (11^th ed.). Eastern Book Company publication.

4. Tulsian, P. C. & Tulsian, B. (2020). Business Law (4^th ed.). Mc Graw Hill.

5. Srivastava, S. S. (2023). Law of Contract 1 & II. Central Law Publications.

Department of Professional Studies follows a rigorous system of continuous evaluation, and the assessment events include quizzes, tests, assignments, mid-term and end-term exams, individual/group project work, presentations etc.  

Students are evaluated for each course on the basis of written examination and continuous internal assessments. Each paper carries maximum of 100 marks and is evaluated as follows:

·       Written Examinations consists of:

§  Mid Semester Exam – 50 Marks   (2 hours duration)

§  End Semester Exam – 100 Marks (3 hours duration)

·       A student should secure a minimum of 40% Marks in the ESE to pass in that paper.

·       In aggregate for each paper, for internal and end semester put together, at least 40 Marks out of 100 must be secured to pass in that paper.

Course Description:This course introduces students to effective communication strategies in business contexts. Emphasis is placed on developing written, oral, and interpersonal communication skills essential for professional success. Topics include business writing, presentations, intercultural communication, and the use of digital technologies in business communication.

Definition and importance of business communication - Types of business communication: internal vs. external, formal vs. informal – Listening skills and feedback in business contexts - Conflict resolution and negotiation techniques - Building positive relationships in the workplace

Definition and importance of business communication - Types of business communication: internal vs. external, formal vs. informal – Listening skills and feedback in business contexts - Conflict resolution and negotiation techniques - Building positive relationships in the workplace

Definition and importance of business communication - Types of business communication: internal vs. external, formal vs. informal – Listening skills and feedback in business contexts - Conflict resolution and negotiation techniques - Building positive relationships in the workplace

Definition and importance of business communication - Types of business communication: internal vs. external, formal vs. informal – Listening skills and feedback in business contexts - Conflict resolution and negotiation techniques - Building positive relationships in the workplace

Definition and importance of business communication - Types of business communication: internal vs. external, formal vs. informal – Listening skills and feedback in business contexts - Conflict resolution and negotiation techniques - Building positive relationships in the workplace

Definition and importance of business communication - Types of business communication: internal vs. external, formal vs. informal – Listening skills and feedback in business contexts - Conflict resolution and negotiation techniques - Building positive relationships in the workplace

Principles of effective business writing - Writing emails, memos, and business letters - Formatting and structuring business documents - Characteristics of effective reports and proposals - Analyzing data and presenting findings - Writing executive summaries and recommendations

Principles of effective business writing - Writing emails, memos, and business letters - Formatting and structuring business documents - Characteristics of effective reports and proposals - Analyzing data and presenting findings - Writing executive summaries and recommendations

Principles of effective business writing - Writing emails, memos, and business letters - Formatting and structuring business documents - Characteristics of effective reports and proposals - Analyzing data and presenting findings - Writing executive summaries and recommendations

Principles of effective business writing - Writing emails, memos, and business letters - Formatting and structuring business documents - Characteristics of effective reports and proposals - Analyzing data and presenting findings - Writing executive summaries and recommendations

Principles of effective business writing - Writing emails, memos, and business letters - Formatting and structuring business documents - Characteristics of effective reports and proposals - Analyzing data and presenting findings - Writing executive summaries and recommendations

Principles of effective business writing - Writing emails, memos, and business letters - Formatting and structuring business documents - Characteristics of effective reports and proposals - Analyzing data and presenting findings - Writing executive summaries and recommendations

Overview of digital platforms for business communication - Using email etiquette and managing digital correspondence - Collaborative tools and project management software - Planning and structuring business presentations - Designing effective visual aids (slides, charts, graphs) - Delivery techniques and managing presentation anxiety

Overview of digital platforms for business communication - Using email etiquette and managing digital correspondence - Collaborative tools and project management software - Planning and structuring business presentations - Designing effective visual aids (slides, charts, graphs) - Delivery techniques and managing presentation anxiety

Overview of digital platforms for business communication - Using email etiquette and managing digital correspondence - Collaborative tools and project management software - Planning and structuring business presentations - Designing effective visual aids (slides, charts, graphs) - Delivery techniques and managing presentation anxiety

Overview of digital platforms for business communication - Using email etiquette and managing digital correspondence - Collaborative tools and project management software - Planning and structuring business presentations - Designing effective visual aids (slides, charts, graphs) - Delivery techniques and managing presentation anxiety

Overview of digital platforms for business communication - Using email etiquette and managing digital correspondence - Collaborative tools and project management software - Planning and structuring business presentations - Designing effective visual aids (slides, charts, graphs) - Delivery techniques and managing presentation anxiety

Overview of digital platforms for business communication - Using email etiquette and managing digital correspondence - Collaborative tools and project management software - Planning and structuring business presentations - Designing effective visual aids (slides, charts, graphs) - Delivery techniques and managing presentation anxiety

Understanding cultural differences in communication - Adapting communication styles across cultures - Avoiding cultural misunderstandings in business - Handling communication during crises and emergencies - Developing crisis communication plans - Case studies and best practices

Understanding cultural differences in communication - Adapting communication styles across cultures - Avoiding cultural misunderstandings in business - Handling communication during crises and emergencies - Developing crisis communication plans - Case studies and best practices

Understanding cultural differences in communication - Adapting communication styles across cultures - Avoiding cultural misunderstandings in business - Handling communication during crises and emergencies - Developing crisis communication plans - Case studies and best practices

Understanding cultural differences in communication - Adapting communication styles across cultures - Avoiding cultural misunderstandings in business - Handling communication during crises and emergencies - Developing crisis communication plans - Case studies and best practices

Understanding cultural differences in communication - Adapting communication styles across cultures - Avoiding cultural misunderstandings in business - Handling communication during crises and emergencies - Developing crisis communication plans - Case studies and best practices

Understanding cultural differences in communication - Adapting communication styles across cultures - Avoiding cultural misunderstandings in business - Handling communication during crises and emergencies - Developing crisis communication plans - Case studies and best practices

Techniques for persuasive writing and speaking - Crafting compelling arguments and proposals - Ethical considerations in persuasive communication - Review of key concepts and skills covered in the course - Practical application through case studies - Feedback and reflection on personal communication strengths and areas for improvement

Techniques for persuasive writing and speaking - Crafting compelling arguments and proposals - Ethical considerations in persuasive communication - Review of key concepts and skills covered in the course - Practical application through case studies - Feedback and reflection on personal communication strengths and areas for improvement

Techniques for persuasive writing and speaking - Crafting compelling arguments and proposals - Ethical considerations in persuasive communication - Review of key concepts and skills covered in the course - Practical application through case studies - Feedback and reflection on personal communication strengths and areas for improvement

Techniques for persuasive writing and speaking - Crafting compelling arguments and proposals - Ethical considerations in persuasive communication - Review of key concepts and skills covered in the course - Practical application through case studies - Feedback and reflection on personal communication strengths and areas for improvement

Techniques for persuasive writing and speaking - Crafting compelling arguments and proposals - Ethical considerations in persuasive communication - Review of key concepts and skills covered in the course - Practical application through case studies - Feedback and reflection on personal communication strengths and areas for improvement

Techniques for persuasive writing and speaking - Crafting compelling arguments and proposals - Ethical considerations in persuasive communication - Review of key concepts and skills covered in the course - Practical application through case studies - Feedback and reflection on personal communication strengths and areas for improvement

1. Business Communication Today by Bovee, Courtland L, John V. Thill & Barbara E. Schatzman, Tenth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2010.
2. The Business of Listening by Bonet, Diana, Third Edition. New Delhi: Viva Books, 2004
3. The Essentials of Business Writing by Guffey, Mary Ellen. Essentials of Business Writing, Ohio: South Western College Pubg., 2000

1.Excellence in Business Communication by Thill, John V. & Courtland L. Bovée, 10th edition. Boston : Pearson, 2013.

2.Business Correspondence and Business Communication by Sharma, R. C. & Krishna Mohan, Third Edition. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company Limited, 2007

3.Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach by Neuliep, James W, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.

Two assessments will be conducted for 25 marks each.

Assessment 1: Written assignment that tests students' business communication skills

Assessment 2: Oral assignment that tests students' spoken business communication skills

• To expose learners to a variety of texts to interact with
• To help learners classify ideologies and be able to express the same
• To expose learners to visual texts and its reading formulas
• To help learners develop a taste to appreciate works of literature through the organization of language
• To help develop critical thinking
• To help learners appreciate literature and the language nuances that enhances its literary values

• To help learners understand the relationship between the world around them and the text/literature
• To help learners negotiate with content and infer meaning contextually
• To help learners understand logical sequencing of content and process information

·         To help improve their communication skills for larger academic purposes and vocational purposes

·         To enable learners to learn the contextual use of words and the generic meaning

·         To enable learners to listen to audio content and infer contextual meaning

·         To enable learners to be able to speak for various purposes and occasions using context specific language and expressions

·         To enable learners to develop the ability to write for various purposes using suitable and precise language.

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Sentence fragments, dangling modifiers, faulty parallelism,

 Why We Travel-Pico Iyer 

Note taking

Thinking Like a Mountain  By Aldo Leopold

Note taking

Thinking Like a Mountain  By Aldo Leopold

Note taking

Thinking Like a Mountain  By Aldo Leopold